Breast augmentation, also known as breast enlargement surgery or a “boob job”, is a type of cosmetic surgery that’s designed to enhance the size and shape of a woman’s breasts.
Not all forms of breast surgery, however, are carried out with the intention of producing larger breasts. Some procedures, for example, such as mastopexy, can be carried out on women wanting to correct breast ptosis or saggy breasts.
Other procedures, such as reduction mammoplasty, are carried out on women wanting to reduce the size of overly large breasts due to interference with their normal everyday activities. It can also be performed on men who have developed gynecomastia (large male breasts).
Breast augmentation, however, remains the most popular type of breast surgery and also the most popular type of plastic surgery overall.
But this shouldn’t come as too much of a surprise, as a good boob job can make a tremendous difference to a woman’s confidence and self-esteem. Which is probably why more and more women are undergoing this procedure each year.
Who can get a boob job?
The most common reasons given for wanting breast augmentation are: feeling abnormal, to please a partner, to look better in clothes, to correct uneven or saggy breasts and to enhance one’s career.
Although, any woman who feels self-conscious about her breasts, or feels that her life would be improved by having larger breasts, is a suitable candidate for surgery. There are, however, some restrictions as to who a surgeon will operate on.
Most surgeons will not operate on pre-teenage girls, elderly adults who are not fit enough to withstand the trauma of surgery, patients deemed to be suffering from a psychological disorder such as body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), or any individual who has a pre-existing medical condition which could put that person’s life in danger if they underwent surgery.
The minimum age requirement for breast enlargement surgery in the United States is 18 for saline filled implants, and 21 for silicone gel filled implants.
Procedure
Most breast augmentation procedures are carried out in a hospital with general anesthetic, although in some cases, the procedure may be performed in a surgical suite or medical center with local anesthetic and an intravenous sedative.
It’s generally best for the procedure to be carried out in a hospital though, as this provides the surgeon with all the equipment, help and staff they need to ensure your surgery goes smoothly and according to plan.
If any complications do occur, being in a hospital will also mean that the surgeon can quickly and effectively respond, thereby greatly minimizing the risk of something going seriously wrong.
How the actual procedure is carried out can vary depending on a variety of different factors. But this will largely be determined by the type of incision you want, and the type of breast implant you want. So let’s have a look at each of these two things in more detail now:
Breast Augmentation Incisions
Because there are many different ways an implant can be inserted into the breast, it is helpful to familiarize yourself with some of the different options available to you.
This will also come in handy when you meet with your surgeon during your consultation meetings, as you will be able to ask them what they think about each insertion method and whether or not they recommend it.
You have four options as to where your incisions are made:
Lets take a look at each of these now:
Periareolar Incision
A periareolar (infraareolar) incision involves making a small incision around the bottom or top of the areola, which is the dark circular area that surrounds the nipple.
To reduce the appearance of scarring from the incision, the incision line will be made at the outer edge of the areola where the dark skin meets the light skin.
To perform the procedure, the surgeon will cut through the breast tissue just enough so that an implant can be placed above the pectoral muscle.
If done correctly, a periareolar breast augmentation can be an extremely effective way to enhance your breasts whilst at the same time minimizing the visible appearance of scars.
This procedure, however, tends to be more suitable for inflatable breast implants, as these can be inserted into the breast cavity and then inflated to size.
This also means that a smaller incision will be needed to insert the implant compared to if an already inflated implant, such as a silicone gel implant, were used.
One drawback to this procedure is that as the surgeon cuts through the breast tissue, some damage to the breast ducts may occur and these then won’t be available for breastfeeding.
However, because the damaged area is relatively small, you should still be able to breastfeed your child normally.
Inframammary Incision
Inframammary incisions are made in the crease that sits directly below the breast (i.e., the inframammary fold). The obvious advantage to this is that your scars will be hidden underneath your breasts (providing you have a well-developed inframammary fold), although this comes at the disadvantage of having wider and longer scars than what you would get from a periareolar incision.
This procedure can also be advantageous when you have your implants replaced, as the original inframammary incision can be reused and then reconcealed by the breast.
If a periareolar incision is reused at a future date, the scar is likely to become more prominent and thus will be less easily concealed by the nipple-areolar complex.
No breast tissue is cut through using this insertion method, and so there should be no damaged breast ducts that could potentially interfere with breast-feeding milk to your newborn.
Inframammary incisions are currently the most popular type of incision for breast augmentation surgery, and are usually what most plastic surgeons recommend that you have done.
Transaxillary Incision
Transaxillary incisions involve making an incision in the armpit rather than on or near the breasts.
For the surgeon, this can be a slightly more challenging technique and asymmetry tends to be a greater problem when compared to other breast augmentation techniques.
However, if this technique is performed correctly, you will have no scarring around your breasts. The only scars you will have will be in your armpits but these will only be visible when you lift your arms up. This could, however, potentially pose a problem when wearing a short-sleeved shirt.
A major disadvantage of using this technique is that the axillary incision usually can’t be reused for future surgeries, so you will most likely require another incision to be made elsewhere which will then leave you with another scar.
There are also concerns that transaxillary incisions could affect the lymphatic drainage of the breast, so this is something that you should discuss with your surgeon if it concerns you.
If you want to have this particular technique done, then it is strongly recommended that you go to a surgeon who specializes in breast surgery rather than a general surgeon.
This is because axillary breast incisions are carried out much less frequently than periareolar or inframammary incisions, and so you need to ensure that your surgeon has done this procedure before and is capable of doing it to a high standard.
Transumbilical Incision
Transumbilical breast augmentation (TUBA) involves making an incision around the belly button or navel. An instrument is then used to make a tunnel underneath your skin up towards each breast. Another instrument is then used to make pockets for the implants.
This procedure can work out very well if you are in experienced hands, because the scarring involved will be minimal and only located around the belly button hidden within its natural creases and folds.
But as with transaxillary breast incisions, because the surgeon is working further away from the breast, it is a more complicated procedure to perform which increases the risk of an asymmetry occurring (i.e., a lopsided breast).
Also, due to the nature of the procedure, your recovery time may be slightly extended with pain around your breasts in addition to your abdominal region. Furthermore, a transumbilical incision cannot be reused at a later date, and only saline implants can be inserted through the incision.
A very rare, although serious, side effect of TUBA, can occur if the tunnels made from your belly button do not heal properly and leave you with visible track marks that run up your abdomen. These marks will eventually heal, but in some people, they may leave a slight and permanent depression in the skin.
If you want to have transumbilical breast augmentation, only have this procedure done with a surgeon who has done it before and is well experienced in this technique. Otherwise, you will run a very real risk of having a disastrous result and a disfigured body.
Types of Breast Implants
There are two types of breast implants to choose from; saline or silicone gel implants. Both have their advantages and disadvantages, although they are each equally capable of producing excellent augmentation results in the hands of a good surgeon.
Saline Breast Implants
Saline breast implants look similar to a plastic sandwich bag that has been filled with water. The implant is made up of a coating of several layers of silicone rubber with a small valve, which allows for it to be inserted into the breast cavity deflated and then later inflated with a saline solution (salt water).
As a result, a surgeon can make smaller incisions when inserting the implant than they could do with a gel implant and so will also leave behind less scarring.
If the implant is ever ruptured or starts leaking, the breast will usually deflate over a period of days or weeks and the saline solution will be harmlessly absorbed by the body and then later excreted in the urine.
Most implants come with a 10-year warranty, which means that you won’t have to pay for new breast implants if something goes wrong with your original implants.
Cost
Saline breast implants cost about half as much as silicone gel implants, although this doesn’t necessarily mean that the surgery itself will cost half as much.
Prices range from $1,500 to $2,500 for a pair of implants, so you could be looking at $5,000 to $8,000 for the total cost of your surgery with the implants.
Type of Implant
There are several different varieties of saline implants to choose from. The first are smooth implants which have a smooth surface coating. The disadvantage of using smooth breast implants is that the risk of a capsular contraction occurring tends to be higher.
A capsular contraction occurs when scar tissue develops around one or both implants causing an alteration in the shape of the implant and a hardening of the breast.
The second type of implant is called a textured implant because it has a textured surface. Scientific studies have shown that the use of textured implants reduces the risk of a capsular contraction occurring.
There is, however, an increased risk of the implant producing noticeable wrinkling or rippling along the skin at the sides of the breasts. This means that you are more likely to see the outline of the implant if a textured implant is used.
It should be noted though, that depending on whether an implant is placed in a subglandular position (i.e., behind breast tissue) or in a submuscular position (i.e., behind the pectoral muscles) the risk of the implant becoming palpable (i.e. felt or seen under the skin) is not the same.
This is because with a submuscular positioning the implant is provided with a good level of concealment by the muscles and tissues of the breast, thus making it less visible.
One of the main criticisms of saline breast implants, and why many cosmetic surgeons prefer to use silicone gel implants, is that tend to cause the breasts to feel harder and not as natural compared to if gel implants are used.
Shape
Saline implants can come in two shapes. The first are round implants and can be useful for restoring fullness to the breast in addition to increasing its size. The second are teardrop or anatomic shaped implants, which are thinner at the top and fuller at the bottom.
Teardrop implants can be used in some cases, although round implants tend to be the most common because teardrop implants are more difficult to insert and there is also a risk of the implant turning on its side causing the breast to become misshapen.
Size
Saline breast implants come in a variety of sizes ranging from 150 cc to around 850 cc depending on a woman’s needs and her existing breast tissue.
Symmetry
Because saline breast implants are inflated once they have been inserted into the breast cavity, this allows the surgeon a substantial degree of freedom to microadjust each breast so that they will both look the same size.
Since most women naturally have slightly different sized breasts, saline implants can therefore be very effective in creating symmetrical looking breasts.
Silicone Gel Breast Implants
Silicone gel breast implants, also called cohesive or gummy bear implants, are the preferred type of implant for many cosmetic surgeons. They are made from a shell of several layers of silicone rubber and contain a semi-solid silicone gel within.
Modern implants are designed to be a lot more durable and safer than the original silicone implants, and so now last longer and have a reduced risk of rupturing.
It’s important to note though, that silicone implants can still leak if they are ruptured as the silicone is in a semi-solid state rather than being completely solid.
Unlike saline implants, however, ruptured silicone implants do not result in a rapid deflation of the breast and so will slowly leak silicone into breast tissue over time. This makes the rupture difficult to detect until adverse physical symptoms are experienced.
For this reason, women with silicone gel breast implants are recommended to have an MRI scan performed every three years to check that their implant is not leaking silicone into the body.
Safety
Although breast implants are considered to be relatively safe today, there is still concern about their safety due to bad experiences women have had with silicone implants in the past.
Some women, for example, experienced leakage of silicone after their implant ruptured and some even experienced leakage with intact implants.
Once the silicone was released into the breast cavity, scar tissue developed around the implants causing the breasts to harden, become infected, and in some cases, the silicone even found its way into the lymph nodes surrounding the breast.
The end result was that women were becoming sick because of their breast implants and were developing diseases such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, polymyositis and lupus. Soon after, silicone gel implants were largely withdrawn from the domestic marketplace, and for a time, cosmetic breast surgeons stopped using them.
The only exception to this was that silicone implants were still allowed to be used for a variety of reconstructive procedures, mainly, revision breast augmentation surgery.
There was much criticism over the withdrawal of silicone breast implants as many medical professionals felt the decision was not supported by sufficient and statistically significant scientific evidence.
It is now known, for example, that women who have silicone breast implants and women who do not have silicone breast implants, both develop connective tissue disorders at the same rate. These findings largely discredit the whole basis for the removal of silicone implants in the first place.
In addition to this, breast implants themselves have improved dramatically over the past 10 years. Breast implants are now stronger, less permeable and don’t leak as easily as they used to.
As a result, the number of women suffering from hardening of the breasts as a result of scar tissue formation, or women suffering from deformed breasts, has fallen to record low levels.
In light of recent evidence and developments in the construction and durability of breast implants, silicone gel implants were later considered to be safe and reapproved into the domestic market for cosmetic use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
They are still, however, considered to be part of an extended trial and so their safety is closely monitored and continually kept under review by regulatory agencies.
Cost
Silicone gel implants cost roughly twice as much as saline implants which increases the overall cost of surgery. Prices range from $3000 to $5o00 for a pair of implants, so you could be looking at $6,500 to $10,500 for the total cost of your surgery with the implants.
Edge Wrinkling
Silicone implants typically do not form an edge around the bottom of the breast or produce skin wrinkling around the breast like saline implants.
However, this, in addition to hardening of the breast, may still occur if scar tissue develops around the implant. The risk of this happening tends to be greater than with saline implants.
A good thing about silicone implants is that they are lighter than saline implants, and so there is less risk of a woman developing premature sagging of her breasts. This risk does, however, become greater with larger and heavier implants.
Scarring
As silicone gel implants come pre-filled by the manufacture, they must be inserted into the breast cavity as they are. This generally results in a longer incision than with saline implants, although the resulting scar should still be well concealed on the breast as the surgeon will make their incision along skin creases, folds or borders.
Symmetry
Perhaps the biggest disadvantage of using silicone gel breast implants is the inability to make micro-adjustments as can be done with saline implants.
This means that if one of your breasts is noticeably larger than the other, then having silicone gel breast implants may exaggerate the difference causing the breasts to appear asymmetrical or different from each other.
Different breast sizes can be accommodated for somewhat by using slightly different sized implants, but due to the size increments used in most implants, the surgeon won’t be able to compensate for the different breast sizes as much as they could do with saline implants.
Location of Implant
There are two positions that a breast implant can be placed in. The first involves placing the implant above the pectoralis muscles and underneath the glandular tissue.
This is known as a subglandular breast augmentation, although it’s sometimes also called a retroglandular or submammary breast augmentation.
The other location that an implant can be inserted is behind the pectoralis muscles. When the implant is placed entirely behind the muscle, it is refered to as a submuscular augmentation or a complete submuscular augmentation.
If the implant is incompletely covered by the muscle, it is referred to as a partial submuscular implant or dual-plane implant.
There is a lot of debate amongst plastic surgeons over which placement yields the best results.
Those in favor of subglandular implantation argue that the procedure is easier to carry out, has a quicker recovery time, reduces the risk of asymmetry, and reduces the risk of involuntary breast movements when the pectoral muscles are tensed.
Those in favor of a submuscular placement argue that the procedure reduces the risk of the implant being seen or felt underneath the skin, reduces the risk of a capsular contracture occurring, and has less risk of the patient experiencing premature sagging of the breasts.
However, what gives you the best results largely depends on the current size and shape of your breasts.
Women with saggy breasts, for example, are likely to benefit more from a subglandular placement, whilst women with smaller breasts and less breast tissue are likely to benefit more from a submuscular placement to reduce the risk of seeing or feeling the implant underneath the skin.
How Long do Breast Implants Last?
Breast implants are not permanent and will eventually need to be replaced. Most implants come with a standard 10-year warranty, so they should be good for at least 10 years. But all implants are meant to be replaced every 10-20 years.
If you experience rupturing of your implant or develop a capsular contracture, however, your implant will have to be replaced much sooner.
Implants may also need to be changed with advancing age due to the loss of breast tissue and loss of skin elasticity, as this causes a decrease in breast fullness and an increase in sagging or laxity.
If you have breast implants at a young age and before your breasts have fully matured and developed, then you are also likely to require another surgery sooner as you may find that you have outgrown your old implants.
Finally, if you have breast augmentation surgery, bear in mind that future surgeries can reuse your original incision scar. So be sure to choose your initial incision type wisely, as some can be reused more easily than others as was previously discussed.
Recovering After Plastic Surgery
Just like with any other type of plastic surgery, you can greatly improve the results you get by following the instructions given to you by your surgeon and by taking adequate steps to prepare yourself for the recovery period.
Some of the main things that you can expect to happen during your recovery are listed below:
Compression Bra
After your surgery you will have to wear a special surgical bra or medical compression bra for a few days. This is designed to support your breasts and to keep your dressings in place.
You will have to wear the surgical bra for the recommended amount of time as suggested by your surgeon. During this period it is important that you keep it clean and change your dressings when required.
Wearing the compression bra will help to speed up the healing process by minimizing swelling, increasing blood flow and improving the drainage of lymphatic fluid around the chest.
Pain
Breast enlargement surgery is an invasive form of plastic surgery. As a result, you should expect some amount of pain during the recovery period.
Fortunately, you will be given pain medication to help deal with the pain, so you should experience more discomfort rather than actual pain.
Some people, however, will experience a lot of pain from their surgery even with their pain medication. This is most likely to be the case in the early mornings and at night when the pain medication is wearing off.
In some cases, you may also develop a tolerance to your pain medication and require stronger medication to ease your pain. The likelihood of this happening though is fairly low, as you should only be using your medication for a short period of time.
Finally, if your procedure involved under the muscle placement of an implant, then you can expect to be in more pain and discomfort than someone who underwent over the muscle or subglandular placement.
Rest
After any kind of surgery you should schedule some time out to rest and recover. During this time make sure you have everything you will need at hand such as food and entertainment, and if possible, someone on call to come and help you out when you need assistance.
At a minimum, you are looking at a week off work for recovery, possibly two weeks if you underwent a submuscular augmentation procedure.
Ideally, rest should occur on your back lying down in an elevated position for the first week. This can be achieved by placing a wedge pillow behind your back.
Swelling
After your surgery your breasts are likely to feel swollen and heavy. During the first few days you will experience the most amount of pain, and this pain will gradually lessen and pass in about a month’s time. However, it can take several months for the swelling of your breasts to completely go down.
To help reduce swelling after breast augmentation surgery, you may find it helpful to apply a cold compress to your swollen areas. This can be done quite easily with some frozen vegetables wrapped in a kitchen towel.
Bromelain, a pineapple enzyme, can be taken for 1-2 weeks post surgery to reduce your swelling. Turmeric, or curcumin, can also be very beneficial for this purpose. If you decide to take bromelain or turmeric, however, be sure to ask your surgeon if it is ok for you to do so.
Tightness
Depending on the procedure you have done, and the size of your breast implants, your breasts may feel tight or overly firm. This is normal, as it usually takes a few weeks before your breasts adapt to their new size and your skin and muscles stretch.
Numbness
It is not uncommon to experience a loss of sensitivity around the nipple area following surgery. In most cases, sensitivity will be restored within a few days and fully restored within a few weeks or months. However, in a small number of cases, the loss of breast sensitivity is permanent.
Breast Shape
Immediately after your surgery you may think that your breast implants have been inserted too high up on the chest. This is normal, as it will take a few days for your implants to drop into the correct position.
In general, implants settle fastest when they have been inserted in a subglandular position, and slowest when they have been inserted in a full submuscular position.
Bruising
Bruising will be visible predominantly along the incision lines that have been made on the breasts. This bruising should go down very quickly and disappear within the first few days, but if you notice bruising that lasts for longer than this, you should report it to your surgeon as it may be an indication of something more serious.
Scarring
Your scars will appear when the incision wounds have fully healed. At the start, your incisions will appear as a red line that looks inflamed but this will quickly settle down within a few days.
Your main concern during this period should be to look after your incision wounds as best as possible, as how well they heal will determine the resulting scars that you are left with.
Traditionally, vitamin E has been recommended for topical application to wounds to reduce scarring. However, there is no actual scientific evidence which states that vitamin E is good for wound healing or that it reduces scarring. Some studies even suggest that it can make scarring worse.
So rather than taking the risk of making your scars worse, you might want to try applying a topical vitamin C serum to your wounds as that has been shown to be beneficial. Ideally, this should be a not irritating form of vitamin C such as tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate rather than ascorbic acid.
You may also want to consider the use of silicone scar dressings, which again are supported by scientific evidence that backups up their effectiveness in reducing scar formation. Such dressing are used in burn centers, hospitals and by plastic surgeons, so your surgeon should be well aware of what they are.
Some supplements that you may wish to take internally to assist and speed up the wound healing process are vitamin E, vitamin C, lysine, proline and zinc.
Physical Activities
Your first week of recovery should be spent mainly resting in bed, and only getting up to walk around when you feel able to do so.
You do not want to spend the whole day in bed though, as this could result in the development of a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or blood clot in the lower veins of the legs. This could potentially be fatal if it travels to the vessels supplying your lungs with blood (i.e., a pulmonary embolism).
During the second week you also want to be taking things easy, but you may feel that you are now capable of doing more. Be careful not to over exert yourself though, and avoid doing anything that would cause you to get out of breath.
If you want to exercise, you may be able to do some light forms of exercise such as walking, but you shouldn’t be doing anything like running or playing tennis until at least a month after your surgery.
Getting Used to Your New Body
With breast enlargement surgery there will be a greater projection of your breasts from the chest as a result of the implants.
Be careful for the first few weeks after your surgery because you may accidentally bump your breasts, such as when opening a cupboard door or when leaning forward towards something, which could then affect how your breasts heal and possibly even cause them to heal misshapen.
Risks & Complications
Providing you go to a well-trained, experienced and trusted cosmetic surgeon, the risk of something going wrong whilst having breast augmentation surgery is relatively low.
However, you should still be aware of some of the things that could happen during or after your surgery before you decide to commit to having your breasts enlarged. Below you will find some of the main risks and complications associated with breast augmentation surgery:
Note: If you have breast enlargement surgery alongside another plastic surgery procedure, such as thigh lift surgery or face lift surgery, the risk of complications occurring will be increased as will your recovery time.
Capsule Formation
A capsule formation (capsular contraction) occurs when scar tissue develops around the breast implant and hardens. This may then result in the breast itself hardening or becoming deformed in severe cases.
Capsule formation used to occur in 30-40% of women who had breast implants. But now, that number has dropped to about 5%. So although the risk of breast hardening and deformity is much lower than it once was, this is still something that you should be aware of.
The risk of a capsular contraction tends to be lower when textured implants are used and when implants are placed in a submuscular position.
If you have smooth implants, you may be advised by your surgeon to carry out daily breast implant exercises to minimize the risk of a capsular contracture. Typically, this will involve pressing against the implant in all directions.
Postoperative Bleeding
Because breast augmentation surgery is an invasive procedure that involves cutting through skin, there is a risk that blood vessels may become damaged causing them to bleed during the procedure and after the procedure.
In most cases, this will only result in minor postoperative bleeding that doesn’t produce much blood or bleed for very long. In such cases, you probably won’t even notice the bleeding.
There is a risk, however, that more severe and prolonged bleeding can occur. This can cause the breast to swell, become tender and eventually feel painful. Under such circumstances the blood will need to be drained off.
Loss of Sensation
There are nerves that surround the breast, especially around the nipples and areola region. Since the surgeon can’t see these nerves, there is a risk that they can become damaged during surgery leading to decreased sensitivity or a complete loss of sensitivity of the breasts.
In most cases, sensitivity problems tend to go away within a year or so. But in about 5% of cases, the loss of breast sensitivity is permanent which can then affect sexual arousal responses.
Breast Implant Failure
If you have a saline filled breast implant, then even the smallest hole could cause the implant to completely deflate. In some cases, the implant itself may be defective as the valve may not seal properly which then causes the implant to slowly deflate over time.
With defective implants, the breast implant will need to be replaced. This will require a second surgery and you will have one breast visibly bigger than the other until your revision breast surgery has been completed.
The good news is that you won’t have to pay for new implants providing that your implants became defective within the warranty period, which is usually set at 10 years.
You may still, however, have to pay for the cost of another surgery unless your plastic surgeon offers revision surgeries for free.
Scarring
A good cosmetic surgeon will try to make incisions in regions of the breast where they can be hidden by natural folds or lines in the skin. However, since everyone heals differently, it can be difficult to predict exactly how the resulting scars from those incisions will heal.
In most cases, scarring will become barely noticeable after 1-2 years. Although in some cases, the scar may look very unsightly and may need to be cut out with the skin re-sutured and then laser resurfaced at a later date.
Breast Asymmetry
Breast asymmetry tends to be one of the most common problems associated with breast augmentation surgery. It occurs when one breast looks bigger than the other and can be due to the wrong implants being used or an inexperienced surgeon.
Generally, women naturally tend to have slightly different sized breasts, so the surgeon will usually provide two different sized implants when carrying out the procedure.
However, sometimes the size difference is so small that it cannot be accommodated for with the implants that have been selected.
For example, gel implants come in certain size increments and those sizes will be all the surgeon has to choose from. Saline water filled implants however, can be micro adjusted to create perfectly symmetrical breasts.
The risk of suffering from asymmetry tends to be greatest when implants are inserted from either underneath the arm in the armpit or from the belly button.
Infection
As with any type of surgery there is a risk of infection. Fortunately, the use of antibiotics has greatly reduced postoperative breast infections. But the risk is still there, and so you should take steps to ensure that your wounds are kept clean during the recovery period.
Remember, just because you are on antibiotics it doesn’t mean that you can’t get infected. Antibiotics will only reduce your risk of infection not eliminate it completely.
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Reviewed – 29th March 2016